Lassa fever is a febrile infectious disease caused by the Lassa virus (LASV). This disease was first reported in Nigeria in 1969 and subsequently became endemic in the West African region. LASV is mainly transmitted to humans through urine or feces of rats and may also be transmitted from person to person through contact with the blood, feces, or other bodily secretions of infected persons. Common symptoms of Lassa fever include fever, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain and cough. This article reports on the first confirmed case of Lassa fever in China, where the patient had been working in Guinea, West Africa, prior to the onset of the disease. After the onset, both the Lassa virus serum fluorescent quantitative PCR test and the IgG antibody test were positive, confirming the diagnosis of Lassa fever. Following the diagnosis, the patient received treatment with ribavirin in combination with symptomatic supportive therapy, which led to a gradual improvement in condition. The article provides a comprehensive review of the case's epidemiological history, clinical symptoms, diagnostic process, treatment measures, and outcome, with the hope of raising medical staff and vigilance about this infectious disease. Through an in-depth analysis of this case, the article summarizes the lessons learned and offers a scientific basis for the rapid identification and effective response to similar cases in the future, thereby enhancing the public health system's capacity to prevent and control the importation of infectious diseases.

Objective To analyze the clinical and imaging characteristics of Mpox with HIV-positive or HIV-negative patients, so as to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Method The clinical and imaging data of 36 confirmed Mpox patients admitted to Beijing You'an Hospital of Capital Medical University from June 1 to November 30, 2023, were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups based on whether they were co-infected with HIV. The clinical and imaging characteristics of the two groups were observed and compared. Result All 36 cases were from the male population who have sex with men (MSM), with an average age of (31.5±6.4) years. There were 28 cases in the positive group and 8 cases in the negative group. The most common features were skin lesions, fever, and lymph node enlargement. The rash first appeared on the genitals and anus in 24 cases (66.7%) and was predominantly distributed in those areas in 30 cases (83.3%), with papules and pustules being the most common. There were 14 cases (38.9%, 14/36) of comorbidities with other sexually transmitted diseases. Additionally, there were 21 cases (58.3%,21/36)of comorbid bacterial infections, mainly soft tissue skin infections and perianal infections. Patients with abnormal imaging findings were in the HIV-positive group. CT findings four cases of bacterial pneumonia were characterized by ground-glass opacities, consolidations, and multiple nodules. Two cases were complicated by intestinal obstruction, and the imaging features were dominated by dilatation of the gastrointestinal tract. In one case, proctitis was manifested as thickening of the rectal wall. There were no statistically significant differences found between the epidemiological data, clinical characteristics, distribution and nature of the rash, and laboratory test results of the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Mpox patients in Beijing are mostly young MSM and are often HIV-positive. The rash typically appears first and most often in the genital and perianal areas. Ulcerative rashes are only observed in individuals who are HIV-positive. Mild cases have a good prognosis, while severe cases can be complicated by bacterial infections, intestinal obstruction, and proctitis. CT in patients with pneumonia shows solid and ground-glass density shadows and multiple, randomly distributed solid nodules in both lungs.

Objective To analyze the full genome sequences of the monkeypox virus in 23 cases from Jiangsu Province from June to September 2023 and to study their molecular evolutionary characteristics. Method Samples such as oropharyngeal swabs, vesicle fluid, and vesicle exudate swabs from monkeypox cases were collected for viral nucleic acid detection by Real-time PCR. Amplicon sequencing technology was used to capture the full genome of the monkeypox virus in the samples. Finally, next-generation sequencing was performed by the MiniSeq high-throughput sequencer to analyze the virus evolution and mutation of the sequence. Result The average sequencing depth of the 23 samples ranged from 907.3× to 11 578.58×, and the coverage (sequencing depth ≥10×) was between 95.5% and 99.94%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses belonged to the MPXV Ⅱb C.1 (2023) lineage, which belonged to the same clade as sequences from Japan, Korea, Portugal, and China at the same time, and were distributed in three cluster clusters. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) analysis identified a total of 60 SNPs, including 59 base substitutions and one base deletion, with 26 non-synonymous mutations affecting host immune regulation, membrane protein, and viral transcriptional regulation functions. Among the 26 non-synonymous mutations, 25 SNPs were apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3-like) mutations, and six shared mutations in 23 samples were all APOBEC3-like mutations. Samples 23010 and 23011 differed by only one mutation site at C177833T, and C76450T and G80405A were found exclusively in these two samples. Conclusion The 23 cases of monkeypox virus in Jiangsu Province from June to September 2023 were all of the Ⅱb evolutionary branch C.1 (2023) lineage, and the virus source was imported from multiple sources. Genome-wide surveillance and research of the monkeypox virus should be carried out on an ongoing basis, closely following the source of the virus and the evolution of the variants after local transmission.

Objective To explore the clinical features and CT imaging characteristics of AIDS complicated by Talaromycosis marneffei (TSM) and splenic tuberculosis (STB), aiming to enhance the diagnostic and differential diagnostic capabilities of both conditions. Method A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical and abdominal CT data of 22 patients with AIDS complicated by TSM and 31 patients with AIDS complicated by STB, diagnosed at the Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning between January 2019 and December 2023. The clinical features (age, gender, CD4⁺T lymphocyte count, anemia, fever, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and skin rash) were compared between the two groups. CT manifestations, including spleen size, classification and enhancement patterns of splenic lesions, involvement and enhancement patterns of abdominal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and presence of splenic infarction, were also evaluated. Result Patients with splenic TSM typically had lower CD4⁺T lymphocyte counts, with counts below 20 cells/μl being more prevalent. Skin rash and abdominal distension were more frequent in splenic TSM patients compared to those with splenic STB. No statistically significant differences were observed in gender, age distribution, or incidence of anemia, fever, and abdominal pain between the groups. The CT imaging of splenic TSM patients predominantly revealed abscess/mass-type lesions, while STB patients more commonly presented with miliary or nodular patterns. There was no significant difference in splenomegaly and splenic infarction between the two groups. Splenic TSM typically demonstrated no enhancement on enhanced CT scans, while STB often exhibited ring enhancement. Both groups frequently showed abdominal and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, with TSM-related lymphadenopathy often displaying homogeneous enhancement and tuberculous lymph nodes primarily showing ring enhancement. Conclusion AIDS patients with splenic TSM and STB demonstrate distinct clinical and CT manifestations. Contrast-enhanced CT plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and differentiation of these conditions. A comprehensive understanding of the clinical and CT features of AIDS complicated by splenic TSM and STB can significantly improve diagnostic accuracy and differentiation.

Objective To analyze human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, genotypes distribution and pathological characteristics in the 120 female patients with cervical lesions. Method A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 120 female patients with cervical lesions in Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital between January 2019 and February 2024. All patients underwent pathological examination, HPV infection and genotypes detection to analyze HPV infection, genotypes distribution and pathological characteristics. Result In the 120 patients, incidence of HPV infection was 51.67% (62/120). Among the 62 infection patients, there were 34 cases (54.84%) with low-risk type and 28 cases (45.16%) with high-risk type. In low-risk HPV, incidence of HPV 6 genotype infection was the highest [35.48% (22/62)]. In high-risk HPV, incidence of HPV 16 and HPV 18 genotypes infection was the highest [17.74% (11/62), 12.90% (8/62)]. Pathological results showed that in the 120 patients, there were 48 cases (40.00%) with chronic inflammation, 34 cases (28.33%) with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 30 cases (25.00%) with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and 8 cases (6.67%) with cervical cancer (CC). There were significant differences in clinical symptoms, signs, HPV infection, viral load and distribution of HPV genotypes among patients with different pathological types (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of HPV infection is high in the 120 patients with cervical lesions, especially the incidence of HPV 6, HPV 16 and HPV 18 genotypes infection is higher. There are differences in clinical symptoms, signs, HPV infection, viral load and distribution of HPV genotypes among patients with different pathological types of cervical lesions. Clinically, targeted prevention measures can be formulated and implemented based on the above factors.

Objective To explore the value of sound touch elastography(STE) in diagnosing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) complicated with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and identifying the Diagnostic efficacy of STE for staging the degree of liver fibrosis in this combination. Method A total of 74 NAFLD patients and 142 NAFLD patients complicated with CHB who were selected from January 2018 to January 2023 were included in the NAFLD group and NAFLD complicated with CHB group, respectively. NAFLD complicated with CHB group were classified as stage S1, stage S2, stage S3, and stage S4 according to the METAVIR grading criteria. 61 healthy volunteers were selected and included in the control group. All subjects accepted liver STE and liver STQ examinations. Compare the three groups and draw the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC). Result There was significant difference in liver STE and liver STQ among the three groups (P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) of liver STE and liver STQ between control group and NAFLD complicated with CHB group was 0.834 and 0.805, the AUC between control group and NAFLD group was 0.628 and 0.617, and the AUC between NAFLD complicated with CHB group and NAFLD group was 0.741 and 0.715. The AUC of liver STE in diagnosing NAFLD complicated with CHB ≥S1, ≥S2, ≥S3 liver fibrosis and S4 cirrhosis were 0.834, 0.889, 0.940, 0.950 respectively. Conclusion There were differences in liver stiffness measurement (LSM) among NAFLD complicated with CHB, NAFLD and normal liver. Liver STE can distinguish NAFLD complicated with CHB Group from control group and NAFLD group, it has great value in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients suffered NAFLD complicated with CHB.

Objective To understand the distribution of strains of Nocardia pseudomallei, infection characteristics and strain resistance of Nocardia pseudomallei, and to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nocardiosis. Method Clinical data of patients diagnosed with pulmonary nocardiosis in Anhui Chest Hospital from January 2021 to December 2023 were retrospectively analysed to analyse the distribution of Nocardia strains, clinical characteristics and drug resistance. Result A total of 22 strains of Nocardia were identified in 21 patients with confirmed pulmonary nocardiosis, including one case with co-infection. The strains included 7 strains (31.8%) of Nocardia gelsenkirchen, 4 strains (18.2%) of Nocardia dermatoglycans, 2 strains (9.1%) of Nocardia abscessus, 2 strains (9.1%) of Nocardia guinea-pig otitis, and 1 strain (4.5%) of each of Nocardia asteroidea, Nocardia Wallace, Nocardia asiatica and Nocardia africanica, and 3 strains (13.6%) could not be identified to the species genus. The average age of the patients was 60.8 years old, and the sex ratio was 1:1.1. Symptoms mainly included cough/sputum (85.7%), chest tightness (38.1%), hemoptysis (28.6%), etc. Chest CT mainly showed bronchial dilatation (57.1%) and plaque (57.1%), etc. Bronchoscopy could visualize and clearly show the typical characteristics of the lesions such as mucus, vesiculocytes, or blood clots in the trachea. The results of drug sensitivity test in 11 cases showed that Nocardia was sensitive to linezolid and amikacin. Conclusion Pulmonary nocardiosis is mostly in middle-aged and elderly patients, with equal proportion of men and women, and the infecting strain is mainly Nocardia gelsenkirchen, which is sensitive to linezolid and amikacin. The clinical manifestations of the patients were not specific, and CT and electronic bronchoscopic manifestations had certain auxiliary diagnostic value.

Objective To investigate the expression levels of serum soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sFlt-1) and soluble hemoglobin scavenger receptor (sCD163) levels in patients with severe mycoplasma pneumonia (MPP), and to analyze their value in predicting the prognosis of MPP. Method A total of 249 MPP patients (MPP group) who visited our hospital from October 2021 to October 2023 were collected as the study subjects, according to the severity of MPP patients' condition, they were separated into a mild illness group of 145 cases and a severe illness group of 104 cases, according to the prognosis, severe patients were grouped into a poor prognosis group of 30 cases and a good prognosis group of 74 cases. Clinical data related to the study subjects were collected, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect serum levels of sFlt-1 and sCD163. Multivariate Logistic regression was applied to analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of severe MPP patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to analyze the predictive value of serum sFlt-1 and sCD163 for poor prognosis in severe MPP patients. Result The serum levels of sFlt-1 and sCD163 in the MPP group were obviously higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The serum levels of sFlt-1 and sCD163 in the severe group were obviously higher than those in the mild group (P<0.05). The serum levels of sFlt-1, sCD163, and CRP in the poor prognosis group were obviously higher than those in the good prognosis group (P<0.05). The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that sFlt-1 and sCD163 were risk factors for poor prognosis in severe MPP patients (P<0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of serum sFlt-1 and sCD163 levels alone and in combination in predicting poor prognosis in severe MPP patients was 0.846, 0.854, and 0.923, respectively, and the combination of the two was better than the single prediction (Z=2.656, 2.519, P<0.05). Conclusion Elevated serum sFlt-1 and sCD163 are closely related to poor prognosis in patients with severe MPP, and have certain predictive value for poor prognosis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has repeatedly called on countries to plan ahead for the outbreak of "Disease X". Analysis from various factors such as the characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms, the impact of human activities and abnormal climate, and the potential risks brought by the development of biotechnology shows that the occurrence of "Disease X" is inevitable. In recent years, the construction of our country's public health system has been further improved, but there is still room for improvement in the early identification, timely warning, rapid response, and technical reserves. Therefore, it is recommended to expand the content, objects, caliber, and channels of infectious disease monitoring at the national level, build a large database of genes covering human, animal, vector, and environmental microorganisms, empower pathogen risk assessment with technology, and build a more sensitive and intelligent infectious disease monitoring and early warning platform, and strengthen forward-looking research on vaccines and drugs. By advancing the "five fronts" - monitoring checkpoints, detection windows, "pathogen X" assessments, risk warnings, and technical reserves, we can effectively enhance China's ability to respond to "Disease X". As the first line of defense against cross-border transmission of infectious diseases, international border ports need to urgently strengthen international cooperation in epidemic disease surveillance and joint risk assessment, integrate port infectious disease prevention and control into the national prevention and control system, increase the technical reserves of pathogen detection at the frontline of ports, comprehensively strengthen the monitoring, identification, and early warning capabilities of unknown pathogens, and strengthen the national biosafety barrier.

Objective Monitor new and key infectious diseases using sentinel surveillance sites medical institutions as checkpoints; Increase detection methods and types, and enhance the construction of rapid detection capabilities in medical institutions, in order to take early prevention and control measures for target infectious diseases. Method Set up hospitals and their affiliated social health centers as monitoring points, and monitor respiratory infections, infectious diarrhea, and other four major syndrome cases that meet the conditions in key departments; At the same time, increase the methods and types of testing, and strengthen the construction of rapid testing capabilities in medical institutions. Result From November 2022 to June 2023, our hospital sent 1323 different types of monitoring samples for testing, detecting common pathogens such as EB virus and rare pathogens such as multi tumor virus. 3142 cases and 17643 cases of influenza were monitored and reported in 2022 and 2023, respectively. There was a significant difference in the number of reported cases of influenza between the two years (P<0.01). In 2023, a total of 17 643 influenza cases were monitored and reported in our hospital, including 9715 males and 7928 females, with a male to female ratio of 1: 0.82; The age distribution shows that 59.15% of cases are in the population under 14 years old; The occupational distribution of cases is mainly among students (43.59%), followed by preschool children (17.16%); There are reports of influenza cases in all months of the year, with the highest number in April, accounting for 35.99% of the total number of cases, followed by December, accounting for 23.02%. Conclusion Establish a monitoring system led by the disease control department and with medical institutions as the sentinel, continuously carry out new and key infectious disease monitoring projects, increase detection methods and types, and enhance the rapid detection capacity of medical institutions, which is conducive to early diagnosis of diseases, timely issuing warnings and providing prevention and control suggestions for currently high incidence infectious diseases.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is one of the chronic infectious diseases that seriously affect human health. Primary malignant melanoma of oral mucosa is a kind of highly malignant tumor with low incidence rate and poor prognosis. This paper reports a case of AIDS complicated with primary malignant melanoma of oral mucosa of A young male patient. The gingival mass of the right mandible was more than 2 months, the tumor was accompanied by pain, ruptured and bleeding, and the mouth opening was limited. The tumor was diagnosed as malignant melanoma by biopsy and pathological examination. First-line chemotherapy combined with immunosuppressant therapy and second-line chemotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic drugs were given clinically, and the tumor progressed first and then shrank obviously. Through the review of this case and related literature, this paper discusses the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS complicated with oral mucosal malignant melanoma in order to improve the understanding of the disease.

With the rapid initiation and application of antiretroviral therapy (ART), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a treatable chronic infectious disease. However, during the course of treatment, improper use of ART or poor patient adherence may lead to the development of drug-resistant mutations. This case report shares the treatment experience of a 30-year-old AIDS patient resistant to various drugs to varying degrees, who was treated with albuvirtide (ABT) in combination with dolutegravir (DTG). In this case, the patient underwent HIV resistance testing after treatment failure, and the results showed that the patient had varying degrees of resistance to a variety of drugs in nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors, and was only sensitive to integrase inhibitors in the previous drugs. Combined with the resμlts of the patient's HIV drug resistance test, the treatment regimen was changed to "ABT+DTG", which successfully improved the viral replication of the patient, and the patient's immune function gradually improved during the eight-month treatment process. Due to economic reasons, the patient temporarily stopped the treatment of "ABT+DTG" for 1 month, and the patient's immune level decreased and the viral load rebounded. After continuous treatment with the "ABT+DTG" regimen, the CD4⁺T cell count increased steadily to 291 copies/μl and the viral load continued to decrease to less than 40 copies/ml until March 2023, which was well tolerated and safe during the treatment. These resμlts suggest that ABT combined with DTG is a new treatment option for patients with HIV multidrug resistance.

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb). It poses a significant threat to human health.The human lungs and intestinal tract are home to trillions of microorganisms. As a result, microbiological flora has received increasing attention in clinical research on tuberculosis. This has been achieved through summaries of relevant literature published in recent years in Pubmed, Embase, CNKI, and the Wanfang database. These summaries provide information on the composition and characteristics of lung and intestinal flora, the role of flora in tuberculosis, and the impact of tuberculosis mycobacterium treatment on the microbiota.Research has demonstrated that: the lung flora composition differs between TB patients and the healthy population; the intestinal flora's α diversity changed following Mtb infection; the immune system, the intestinal-lung axis, and host metabolites play a role in the development of tuberculosis; the structural composition of the intestinal flora is altered by treatment with anti-tuberculosis mycobacterium; "flora therapy" is a new adjuvant therapy in the field of tuberculosis. Additional research on the relationship between microbiota and tuberculosis may yield novel prevention strategies.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Professional Group, Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association, formulated the "Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS" (here in after referred to as the "Guidelines") in 2005. The 2024 edition of the Guidelines was revised based on the 5th edition published in 2021, taking into account the latest research progress both domestically and internationally. The new edition of the Guidelines focuses on updating aspects such as antiviral therapy, comprehensive management, opportunistic infections, AIDS-related tumors, prevention and intervention of HIV infection, and introduces new content on "immunological non-responder (INR)". It also introduces the concept of "vulnerable populations with AIDS" for the first time, and adds recommendations for diagnosis and treatment along with the supporting evidence and strength of recommendation.The Guidelines encompass 14 aspects including epidemiology, characteristics of the pathogen, laboratory testing, disease mechanism, clinical manifestations and staging, diagnostic criteria, common opportunistic infections, antiviral therapy, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, INR, AIDS-related tumors, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and reproductive planning for serodiscordant couples, pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis and prevention of HIV, and comprehensive management of HIV infection. These Guidelines aim to assist clinicians in making reasonable decisions regarding the diagnosis and management of AIDS, and will be regularly updated and revised according to research advancements at home and abroad.