Progress on coronavirus disease2019vaccines: current status

doi:10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2020.04.012

Abstract

Abstract: The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has led to severe global health burden.However,no effective vaccine has been developed yet.The development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is urgent for the disease control.In the present review,we firstly described the mechanisms of neutralizing antibodies-mediated immune responses.We elucidated different neutralizing antibodies which are induced by Coronavirus vaccines,and described how they induce anti-viral response.Secondly,we took the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) as examples,and summarized how the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) vaccine development can learn from SARS and MERS vaccine research in selecting antigens.Furthermore,we discussed the potential problems for COVID-19 vaccine development about evaluating the safety and effectiveness of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV vaccines.Next,we summarized the current clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines.Although there are challenges from the clinical trials to large-scale production and application,the development of vaccines is so rapidly nowadays,and it’s potential to get safe and effective vaccines in a short time.At last,the vaccines strategy should be combined with public health strategies such as keeping physical distance,early detection,self-isolation and outbreak control to against COVID-19.

Key words: Coronavirus, Coronavirus disease-2019, Neutralizing antibodies, Vaccines, Safety

Li Qian, Lu Hongzhou. Progress on coronavirus disease2019vaccines: current status[J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(4): 268-273.

References

[1] World Health Organization.WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard[EB/OL].[2020-11-18].https://www.covid19.who.int.
[2] World Health Organization.WHO:Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines[EB/OL].[2020-11-18].https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines.
[3] World Health Organization.WHO target product profiles for COVID-19 vaccines[EB/OL].https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-target-product-profiles-for-covid-19-vaccines.
[4] Poland G,Ovsyannikova I,Crooke S,et al.ARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development:Current Status[J].Mayo Clin Proc,2020,95(10):2172-2188.
[5] Su S,Du L,Jiang S.Learning from the past:development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines[J].Nat Rev Microbiol,2020,10:1-9.
[7] Chiu SS,Chan KH,Chu KW,et al.Human coronavirus NL63 infection and other coronavirus infections in children hospitalized with acute respiratory disease in Hong Kong,China[J].Clin Infect Dis,2005,40(12):1721-1729
[7] Gorse GJ,O’Connor TZ,Hall SL,et al.Human coronavirus and acute respiratory illness in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].JInfect Dis,2009,199(6):847-857.
[8] Jean A,Quach C,Yung A,et al.Severity and outcome associated with human coronavirus OC43 infections among children[J].Pediatr Infect Dis J,2013,32(4):325-329
[9] Jevšnik M,Uršic T,Zigon N,et al.Coronavirus infections in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract disease[J].BMC Infect Dis,2012,12:365.
[10] Lu G,Wang Q,Gao GF.Bat-to-human:spike features determining ‘host jump’of coronaviruses SARS-CoV,MERS-CoV,and beyond[J].Trends Microbiol,2015,23(8):468-478
[11] Liu W,Fontanet A,Zhang PH,et al.Two-year prospective study of the humoral immune response of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome[J].J Infect Dis,2006,193(6):792-795
[12] Liu WJ,Zhao M,Liu K,et al.T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV:Implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV[J].Antiviral Res,2017,137:82-92
[13] Zhou P,Yang X,Wang X,et al.A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin[J].Nature,2020,579(7798):270-273
[14] Christoph K,Matthias Zehner,Timm Weber,et al.Longitudinal isolation of potent near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients[J].Cell,2020,182(4):843-854
[15] Ann MA,Katja F,Michael AS,et al.A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2[J].Nature,2020,584(7821):353-363.
[16] Braun J,Loyal L,Frentsch M,et al.SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19[J].Nature,2020,587(7833):270-274.
[17] Grifoni A,Weiskopf D,Ramirez SI,et al.Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID19 disease and unexposed individuals[J].Cell,2020,1 81(7):1489-1501.e15.
[18] Juno JA,Tan H-X,Lee WS,et al.Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19[J].Nat Med,2020,26(9):1428-1434.
[19] Lu R,Zhao X,Li J,et al.Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus:implications for virus origins and receptor binding[J].Lancet,2020,395(10224):565-574.
[20] Verdecchia P,Cavallini C,Spanevello A,et al.The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection[J].Eur J Intern Med,2020,76:14-20.
[21] Herrera NG,Morano NC,Celikgil A,et al.Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein:biophysical,biochemical,structural,and antigenic analysis[J].bioRxiv,2020,06.14.doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.150607.Preprint.
[22] Hoffmann M,Kleine-Weber H,Schroeder S,et al.SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor[J].Cell,2020,181(2):271-.280.e8
[23] Rottier PJM.The Coronavirus Membrane Glycoprotein[M].Berlin:Springer,1995:115-139.
[24] Hoffmann M,Kleine-Weber H,Pöhlmann S.A multibasic cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection of human lung cells[J].Mol Cell,2020,78:779-784.
[25] Du L,He Y,Zhou Y,et al.The spike protein of SARS-CoV--a target for vaccine and therapeutic development[J].Nat Rev Microbiol.2009,7(3):226-236.
[26] Tseng C,Sbrana E,Iwata-Yoshikawa,et al.Immunization with SARS coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology on challenge with the SARS virus[J].PLoS One,2012,7(4):e35421.
[27] Woo P,Lau S,Wong B,et al.Longitudinal profile of immunoglobulin G (IgG),IgM,and IgA antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in patients with pneumonia due to the SARS coronavirus[J].Clin Diagn Lab Immunol,2004,11:665-668.
[28] Siu YL,Teoh KT,Lo J,et al.The M,E,and N structural proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are required for efficient assembly,trafficking,and release of virus-like particles[J].J Virol,2008,82(22):11318-11330.
[29] Yang J,Wang W,Chen Z,et al.A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity[J].Nature,2020,586(7830):572-577.
[30] Wang C,Zheng X,Gai W,et al.Novel chimeric virus-like particles vaccine displaying MERS-CoV receptor-binding domain induce specific humoral and cellular immune response in mice[J].Antiviral Res,2017,140:55-61.
[31] Roberts A,Lamirande EW,Vogel L,et al.Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice and hamsters of a bPropiolactone inactivated whole virus SARS-CoV vaccine[J].Viral Immunol,2010,23(5):211-219.
[32] Agrawal A,Tao X,Algaissi A,et al.Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus[J].Hum Vaccin Immunother,2016,12(9):2351-2356.
[33] Deming T,Sheahan M,Heise B,et al.Vaccine efficacy in senescent mice challenged with recombinant SARS-CoV bearing epidemic and zoonotic spike variants[J].PLoS Med,2006,3(12):e525.
[34] Yasui F,Kai C,Kitabatake M,et al.Prior immunization with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid protein causes severe pneumonia in mice infected with SARS-CoV[J].J Immunol,2008,181(9):6337-6348.
[35] Chen W,Tao X,Agrawal A,et al.Yeast-expressed SARS-CoV recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD219-N1) formulated with alum induces protective immunity and reduces immune enhancement[J].bioRxiv,2020,05.15.098079.doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098079.Preprint.
[36] Lee WS,Wheatley AK,Kent SJ,et al.Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies[J].Nat Microbiol,2020,5(10):1185-1191.
[37] Fedechkin S,George N,Castrejon A,et al.Conformational flexibility in respiratory syncytial virus G neutralizing epitopes[J].J Virol,2020,94(6):e01879-1919.
[38] Capeding MR,Tran N,Hadinegoro S,et al.Clinical efficacy and safety of a novel tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy children in Asia:a phase 3,randomised,observer-masked,placebo-controlled trial[J].Lancet,2014,384:1358-1365.
[39] Lin J,Huang N,Li J,et al.Cross-reactive antibodies against dust mite-derived enolase induce neutrophilic airway inflammation[J].Eur Respir J,2020,13:1902375.Online ahead of print.
[40] Cao X.COVID-19:immunopathology and its implications for therapy[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2020,20(5):269-270.
[41] Lambert P,Ambrosino D,Andersen S,et al.Consensus summary report for CEPI/BC March 12-13,2020 meeting:assessment of risk of disease enhancement with COVID-19 vaccines[J].Vaccine,2020,38(31):4783-4791.
[42] Moore JP,Klasse PJ.SARS-CoV-2 vaccines:‘warp speed' needs mind melds not warped minds[J].JVirol,2020,94(17):e01083-20.
[43] Du L,Zhao G,He Y,et al.Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces long-term protective immunity in an animal model[J].Vaccine,2007,25:2832-2838.
[44] FDA.Recommendations for Investigational COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma[EB/OL].[2020-08-23].https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-ind-or-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/recommendations-investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma
[45] Seow J,Doores K.Longitudinal evaluation and decline of antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection[J].Nature Microbiology,2020,5:1598-1607.
[46] Zhang YJ,Zeng G,Pan H,et al.Immunogenicity and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years:report of the randomized,double-blind,and placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial[J].med Rxiv,2020,8:1-22.
[47] Xia S,Duan K,Zhang Y,et al.Effect of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on safety and immunogenicity outcomes:interim analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials[J].JAMA,2020,324(10):951-960.
[48] Zhu F,Guan X,Li Y,et al.Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5- vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older:a randomised,double-blind,placebo-controlled,phase 2 trial[J].Lancet,2020,396:479-488.
[49] Folegatti P,Ewer K,Aley P,et al.Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2:a preliminary report of a phase 1/2,single-blind,randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2020,396(10249):467-478.
[50] Logunov D,Dolzhikova I,Zubkova O,et al.Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vectorbased heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations:two open,non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia[J].Lancet.2020,396(10255):887-897.
[51] Mercado N,Zahn R,Wegmann F,et al.Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 I rhesus macaques[J].Nature,2020,586(7830):583-588.
[52] Mulligan M,Lyke K,Kitchin N,et al.Phase 1/2 study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults[J].Nature,2020,586(7830):589-593.
[53] Jackson L,Anderson E,Rouphael N,et al.An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2—preliminary report[J].N EngJ Med,2020,383(20):1920-1931.
[54] 郝鹏飞,许汪,杜寿文,等.冠状病毒起源、受体及新型冠状病毒检测与疫苗最新研究进展[J/CD].新发传染病电子杂志,2020,5(2):74-78.

[1]	Lyu Qiuying, Mei Shujiang, Zhang Renli, Wu Yongsheng, He Jianfan, Li Yuan, Peng Bo, Zhang Zhen, Lu Jianhua, Gao Wei, Fang Shisong, Wang Jingzhong, Wen Ying, Cheng Cong, Zou Xuan, Xia Junjie, Peng Chaoqiong, Feng Tiejian. Research on accurate prevention, control strategy, implementation effect of coronavirus disease2019in Shenzhen [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(4): 229-233.
[2]	Song Yuyan, Huang Changxian, Zhou Lu, Zhang Ying, Zhang An, Zhan Zhu, Li Quntang, Qiu Min. Clinical efficacy of combination therapy of traditional Chinese, western medicine on31severe ill patients with coronavirus disease2019 [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(4): 239-242.
[3]	Lin Lyu, Liu Xia, Wu Nianning, Zou Jun, Lan Jian, Huang Jinping, Chen Xinyu, Huang Meiqing. Studies on the relationship between the changes in serum myocardial injury indicators and the risk of severe COVID-19 [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(3): 159-164.
[4]	Zhu Yunxian, Liu Jing, Ren Yan, Wu Minyu, Ren Rong, Zhu Yi, Yao Wenyan, Li Min. Comparative analysis of CT images acquired before and after coronavirus disease 2019 turning from positive to negative by nucleic acid testing [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(3): 183-187.
[5]	Wu Fengyao, Meng Xingxing, Wei Caiyun, Liu Dongmei. Prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic and long-term mechanism building of occupational health in infectious disease hospital [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(3): 198-202.
[6]	. Expert consensus of radiological examination scheme and infection prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (Trial version first） [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(2): 65-73.
[7]	Hao Pengfei, Xu Wang, Du Shouwen, Jin Ningyi, Wu Shipin, Li Chang, Li Tiyuan. Coronavirus origin, receptor and recent advances in novel coronavirus detection and vaccine [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(2): 74-78.
[8]	Lu Yibo, Zhou Jingru, Mo Yimei, Song Shulin, Liu Tiejun. Clinical and CT findings of 31 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(2): 79-82.
[9]	Song Lu, Zeng Yingting, Gong Xiaoming, Zhang Xiaochun, Lu Zhiyan. Imaging manifestations and differential diagnosis of novel coronavirus pneumonia [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(2): 83-86.
[10]	Jiang Rui, Liu Jinxin, Zhang Lieguang, Huang Deyang, Chen Bihua, Qu Jing, Lin Lin, Yu Chengcheng, Ling Zhoukun. CT findings and outcome with family clustering coronavirus disease 2019 in 8 families [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(2): 87-90.
[11]	Hong Lingling, Xu Xiaojing, Fu Xiaoyi. The summary analysis of a new type of familial aggregation cases in coronavirus disease 2019 [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(2): 91-94.
[12]	Zheng Qiuting, Lu Yibo, Tan Lilian, Lu Puxuan. Advances in clinical and imaging studies of novel coronavirus pneumonia [J]. Electronic Journal of Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2020, 5(2): 140-144.